1 Introduction

Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) are a staple food crop globally, ranking as the third most important food crop after wheat and rice (Singh et al., 2019). They are a vital source of essential nutrients, including amino acids, vitamins, and starch, which are crucial for human diets (Koch et al., 2024).

The economic significance of potatoes extends beyond human consumption; they are also used in animal feed, alcohol production, and as a major source of industrial starch (Lenartowicz et al., 2019). The versatility and nutritional value of potatoes make them indispensable in both developed and developing countries, contributing significantly to food security and economic stability.

Recent research has focused on developing high-yielding and stable potato cultivars to address the challenges posed by unpredictable growing conditions and climate change. Studies have shown that certain cultivars, such as Pokusa and Kuras, exhibit high yield stability and starch production under varying environmental conditions (Lenartowicz et al., 2019). The timing of planting and the choice of cultivar have been identified as critical factors in optimizing potato yields, particularly in agroforestry systems.

Advances in genetic modification, such as the overexpression of the SP6A gene, have also shown promise in enhancing tuber yield under stress conditions like high temperatures and excessive nitrogen fertilization. The development of efficient irrigation management practices has been crucial in improving water use efficiency and maintaining potato quality under limited water resources (Djaman et al., 2021).

This study summarizes the current research on high-yielding potato varieties and their cultivation techniques, and identifies the most effective strategies to improve potato yield and stability under different environmental conditions. This may provide valuable insights for potato growers and researchers, helping to bridge the gap between actual and potential yields. This study will also highlight the importance of employing innovative planting techniques and genetic advances to ensure sustainable potato production in the face of climate change and other agricultural challenges.

2 Characteristics of High-Yielding Potato Cultivars

2.1 Genetic traits of high-yielding potato cultivars

High-yielding potato cultivars often possess specific genetic traits that contribute to their productivity. These traits include the presence of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with key agronomic and morphological characteristics such as plant height, stem diameter, tuber starch content, and harvest index. Meta-analyses of QTLs have identified stable chromosomal regions linked to these traits, which are crucial for developing new high-yielding cultivars (Hajibarat et al., 2024). Genetic plasticity, which allows for a high degree of compatibility between genotype and environment, is a significant trait in high-yielding varieties (Sonets and Furdyha, 2022).

2.2 Physiological characteristics of high-yielding potato cultivars

Physiological traits play a critical role in the yield potential of potato cultivars. High-yielding varieties often exhibit superior water-use efficiency (WUE), photosynthesis rates, and membrane stability under stress conditions. For instance, drought-tolerant genotypes like Bannock Russet and Nipigon show a 2-3 fold increase in instantaneous WUE under drought conditions compared to their well-watered controls (Gervais et al., 2021). Salt-tolerant genotypes maintain higher relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), and better osmotic adjustment through the accumulation of proline, which helps in sustaining tuber yield under salinity stress (Sanwal et al., 2022).

2.3 Adaptability and stress resistance

Adaptability and stress resistance are crucial for the consistent performance of high-yielding potato cultivars across different environments. Varieties with high adaptive capacity and phenotypic stability, such as Prada and Challenger, demonstrate resilience to stressful environmental conditions, including drought and salinity. These cultivars often possess strong antioxidant defense systems and are capable of maintaining higher photosynthesis rates and stomatal conductance under stress. The ability to resist diseases like Fusarium solani further enhances the yield stability of these cultivars (Sonets et al., 2023).

3 Advances in Breeding High-Yielding Potato Cultivars

3.1 Application of genetic improvement technologies in breeding

Genetic improvement technologies have significantly advanced the breeding of high-yielding potato cultivars. Traditional breeding methods, while effective, are often time-consuming and labor-intensive. The advent of genetic engineering has provided a more efficient pathway to introduce or modify genes of interest without altering the allelic combinations of successful commercial cultivars. Techniques such as Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, particle bombardment, and protoplast transfection have been widely used to incorporate desirable traits into the potato genome (Nahirñak et al., 2022). These methods have enabled the development of potato varieties with enhanced resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, improved nutritional quality, and higher yield potential (Martínez-Prada et al., 2021).

3.2 Marker-assisted breeding techniques

Marker-assisted breeding (MAB) has revolutionized the process of developing high-yielding potato cultivars by accelerating the selection of desirable traits. Advances in genomics have facilitated the identification of molecular markers associated with important quantitative trait loci (QTLs), which are crucial for traits such as disease resistance, drought tolerance, and yield (Tiwari et al., 2020). The integration of next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms has further enhanced the efficiency of MAB by providing a comprehensive understanding of genomic variations in potato germplasm. This approach allows breeders to stack multiple genes and QTLs, thereby developing cultivars with a combination of beneficial traits (Anbarasan and Ramesh, 2022).

3.3 Application of biotechnology (genetic modification and gene editing)

Biotechnology, particularly genetic modification (GM) and gene editing, has opened new horizons for potato crop improvement. Techniques such as CRISPR-Cas9, TALENs, and RNA interference (RNAi) have been successfully employed to enhance potato yield and quality (Hameed et al., 2018; Ahmad et al., 2022). These technologies allow for precise modifications of the potato genome, enabling the development of transgene-free products that are more acceptable to consumers and regulatory bodies. The image illustrates the target selection process in a CRISPR tool, using online tools such as CRISPR-direct and CRISPR-P to design a suitable target site. This process ensures efficient and specific identification of editing targets in the potato genome. Sequence selection of target genes and design of sgRNAs are critical steps that provide the basis for subsequent gene editing. In the construction of gene editing vectors, researchers integrate sgRNA and Cas9 nuclease into the expression vector to achieve efficient editing efficiency. These vectors can be introduced into potato cells using a variety of transformation methods, and panel D illustrates the main transformation methods including protoplast transfection, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, gene gunning, and viral vector infection. These methods are suitable for specific research needs due to their different advantages and disadvantages. At the heart of gene editing is the synergistic effect of Cas9 nuclease with sgRNA, which allows researchers to knock out, repair, or replace target genes through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HDR). This precise editing capability makes it possible to develop more resistant, higher-yielding, or higher-quality potato varieties. For example, potato resistance to late blight can be improved by knocking out genes associated with disease susceptibility (Figure 1) (Tussipkan and Manabayeva, 2021).

Figure 1 Schematic representation of plant genome editing with CRISPR/Cas (Adopted from Tussipkan and Manabayeva, 2021)

CRISPR-Cas9 has been used to develop potato varieties with resistance to the Colorado potato beetle and late blight, as well as to reduce acrylamide content and modify starch composition. The transient expression of genome editing components in potato protoplasts has also been reported to generate edited plants without the integration of foreign DNA, which is a significant advancement from both scientific and regulatory perspectives (Li et al., 2024).

4 Cultivation Techniques for High-Yielding Potatoes

4.1 Selection of soil and planting environment

The selection of soil and planting environment is crucial for achieving high yields in potato cultivation. Potatoes thrive in well-drained, loamy soils with a pH between 5.0 and 6.5. The soil should be rich in organic matter and have good aeration to support root development and tuber formation. The planting environment should have adequate sunlight and moderate temperatures, as extreme conditions can adversely affect growth and yield (Paul et al., 2017; Djaman et al., 2021). In regions with high temperatures, integrating soil management practices such as the application of farmyard manure and straw mulch can enhance soil properties and improve plant resilience.

4.2 Seed potato treatment and planting techniques

The quality of seed potatoes significantly impacts the yield. Healthy, disease-free seed potatoes should be selected for planting. Treatments such as chemical etching and the use of biologically active preparations can enhance seed quality and vigor. Techniques like top bud direct seeding have shown to be effective, particularly in greenhouse settings, where they can lead to earlier maturity and higher yields (Wang et al., 2023). Proper spacing and depth during planting are also essential to ensure optimal growth conditions and prevent overcrowding, which can lead to reduced yields.

4.3 Fertilizer and water management techniques

Effective fertilizer and water management are critical for maximizing potato yields. The application of balanced fertilizers, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, tailored to the specific needs of the potato variety and soil conditions, is essential. Studies have shown that the local application of mineral fertilizers combined with organic amendments like humic preparations can significantly boost yields (Myronova, 2023; Zinkovskaya et al., 2024). Irrigation methods such as drip and sprinkler systems should be optimized to maintain consistent soil moisture levels, which are vital for tuber development. Drip irrigation, in particular, has been found to improve water use efficiency and reduce tuber defects (Žunić et al., 2023).

4.4 Integrated pest and disease control measures

Integrated pest and disease control measures are necessary to protect potato crops from various pathogens and pests that can severely impact yield and quality. Strategies include the use of disease-resistant cultivars, crop rotation, and the application of appropriate pesticides and fungicides. Maintaining soil health through organic amendments and proper irrigation can reduce the incidence of soil-borne diseases. Regular monitoring and early detection of pest and disease outbreaks are crucial for timely intervention and effective management (Zhang, 2024).

5 Key Factors Affecting the Yield of High-Yielding Potatoes

5.1 Soil fertility and nutrient supply

Soil fertility and the appropriate supply of nutrients are critical for achieving high potato yields. The application of balanced fertilizers, including nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), significantly influences tuber yield and quality. For instance, the highest yields were observed with the local application of mineral fertilizers in doses of N45P45K45, combined with half-rotted manure, which enhanced productivity by up to 41.1 t/ha in the Granada variety (Myronova, 2023). The quality of seed material and the background of fertilizers, such as N120P140K140, play a crucial role in optimizing yields.

5.2 Climate conditions and planting patterns

5.2.1 Effects of temperature on potato growth cycle

Temperature is a pivotal factor affecting the potato growth cycle. Optimal tuber production occurs at temperatures between 15 °C~20 °C, while high temperatures (30 °C~35 °C) can significantly reduce net photosynthesis rates and deform vascular tissues, leading to lower yields (Paul et al., 2017). High temperatures also affect the translocation of photoassimilates, which is critical for tuber bulking and yield. Temperature variations in June and August, along with total precipitation in August, have been shown to significantly influence tuber yield (Lenartowicz et al., 2019).

5.2.2 Relationship between water supply and irrigation management

Water supply and irrigation management are essential for maintaining high potato yields. Different irrigation levels can impact total biomass and tuber weight. For example, drip irrigation with varying water regimes (pF 2.7, pF 2.5, and pF 2.2) showed that the highest water consumption and biomass production occurred at the highest irrigation level (Figure 2) (Jama-Rodzeńska et al., 2021). The use of sprinkler and drip irrigation methods can influence tuber flesh temperature and defect rates, with drip irrigation raising tuber flesh temperature compared to sprinkler irrigation.

Figure 2 Tuber yield and water efficiency of potato varieties planted under different irrigation levels (Adopted from Jama Rodzeńska et al., 2021)

5.2.3 Effects of monocropping and crop rotation patterns on yield

Monocropping and crop rotation patterns also affect potato yields. Crop rotation can help mitigate the negative effects of soil nutrient depletion and pest accumulation associated with monocropping. The implementation of crop rotation and the use of half-rotted manure as a predecessor can significantly enhance yield levels (Myronova, 2023). The stability of tuber yield can be influenced by the choice of cultivar and the environmental conditions, with some cultivars showing more resilience to monocropping and others benefiting more from crop rotation (Lenartowicz et al., 2019).

5.3 Application of agricultural mechanization and precision agriculture

The application of agricultural mechanization and precision agriculture techniques can greatly enhance potato yields. Precision agriculture involves the use of advanced technologies to optimize field-level management regarding crop farming. The use of crop growth models like the SUBSTOR potato model can help identify and assess strategies for yield improvement and environmental adaptation. Mechanization, including the use of efficient irrigation systems and precise fertilizer application, can also contribute to higher yields by ensuring optimal growing conditions and reducing labor costs (Ojeda et al., 2021).

6 Case Studies on High-Yield Potato Cultivation

6.1 Cultivation practices of high-yielding potato cultivars in northern China

In Northern China, innovative cultivation practices have been developed to enhance potato yields. One notable technique is the use of sprout planting technology, which involves planting disease-free potato varieties using different parts of the sprout (top bud, middle bud, and tail bud) and varying bud lengths (10 cm, 15 cm, and 20 cm). Research has shown that top bud direct seeding is significantly superior, particularly for the 'Zhongshu 4' variety, which matures 14 days earlier and yields 38.05% more than traditional methods. The 15 cm and 20 cm bud length treatments further increased yields by 41.78% and 38.05%, respectively, demonstrating the high potential of this technique for improving potato yield and quality in greenhouse conditions (Wang et al., 2023).

6.2 Breeding and high yield cultivation practice of fresh potato varieties in Zhejiang, China

Potato is an important dual-purpose crop for both grain and vegetable use in Zhejiang Province, with an annual planting area of about 60 000 hectares. The tubers are mainly used for fresh transportation, direct sale, storage, and consumption. Potato plays a significant role in agricultural production in hilly and mountainous areas. It is sown from early January to late February and harvested from late April to mid-May. By making full use of the winter fallow period of paddy fields to plant early-maturing potatoes, early sowing, early harvesting, and early marketing can bring considerable economic benefits. Due to the long-term use of self-saved seed potatoes, many varieties have unclear origins and serious genetic degradation, resulting in low yield. The average yield per 667 m² across the province is less than 1 500 kg.

After more than ten years of joint breeding efforts by the Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the first potato variety independently developed in Zhejiang Province, Zheshu 956, was registered in 2019 (Registration No.: GPD Potato (2019) 330032) and listed as a leading variety in Zhejiang Province in 2021. It has become one of the main potato varieties cultivated in the province. The average fresh tuber yield of Zheshu 956 per 667 m² is 2 882.4 kg, which is 23.02% higher than the control variety Zhongshu 3, with the highest yield reaching 3 683.3 kg, significantly increasing production levels. Zheshu 956 has oval to spindle-shaped tubers, yellow skin and yellow flesh, smooth skin, shallow eyes, good commercial quality, high resistance to late blight, and moderate resistance to viral diseases. Meanwhile, through the promotion of spring potato mulching techniques, no-tillage straw mulching, early cultivation in greenhouses, full mechanization, and high-yield, high-efficiency intercropping and relay cropping systems, good social, economic, and ecological benefits have been achieved (Figure 3).

Figure 3 High-yield demonstration site of Zheshu 956 (A: Field demonstration site; B: Fresh potato harvest scene; C: Largest single tuber)

In Xinchang County, Zhejiang Province, potatoes are mainly used as vegetables. After harvesting fresh potatoes, thin slices or small pieces of fresh potatoes are added to the locally famous dishes such as "egg vermicelli (dried rice noodles)" and "fried rice cakes", which greatly enhance the flavor. Therefore, in the introduction, selection, and demonstration of potato varieties, the focus is on those with good taste, medium tuber size, and good storability. High-quality varieties such as Mira, Dongnong 303, and Zhongshu 3 remain the main varieties cultivated in Xinchang County.

6.3 Analysis of intensive cultivation techniques in european countries

In Europe, intensive cultivation techniques have been employed to stabilize and maximize potato yields despite unpredictable growing conditions. For instance, in Poland, field trials from 2013 to 2016 identified the 'Pokusa' cultivar as the highest yielding and most stable in terms of tuber yield, while 'Kuras' was the most stable and highest yielding for starch. These trials highlighted the significant influence of June and August temperatures and August precipitation on tuber yield, emphasizing the importance of selecting stable cultivars to mitigate climate-related stresses (Lenartowicz et al., 2019). In Serbia, a study on irrigation and fertilization methods revealed that the VR-808 cultivar consistently produced the highest yields under both sprinkler and drip irrigation systems, with specific fertilization combinations further enhancing tuber quality and yield (Žunić et al., 2023).

6.4 Experiences in yield improvement through technological innovations in African countries

In Africa, technological innovations have significantly improved potato yields. In Ethiopia, a comparative study of eight potato cultivars demonstrated that improved cultivars such as 'Bubu' and 'Badasa' outperformed local varieties in terms of yield and tuber quality. The 'Bubu' cultivar, for example, achieved the highest tuber yield of 39.4 t/ha, showcasing the effectiveness of improved seed tubers and modern cultivation practices (Merga and Dechassa, 2019). In the eastern sub-Himalayan plains of India, the 'Kufri Arun' cultivar achieved the highest total tuber yield (35.52 t/ha) and maximum net return, indicating its suitability for the region's specific climatic conditions (Das et al., 2021).

7 Challenges and Countermeasures in High-Yield Potato Cultivation

7.1 Impacts of climate change on high-yield potato cultivation

Climate change poses significant challenges to high-yield potato cultivation, primarily through increased temperatures, drought, and soil salinity. These factors negatively impact plant performance and crop yield, exacerbating the difficulty of maintaining sustainable potato production. Rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns can lead to increased evapotranspiration, soil salinity, and the prevalence of pests and diseases, further threatening potato yields (Dahal et al., 2019). To mitigate these impacts, it is crucial to develop stress-tolerant potato cultivars and adapt cultivation practices to the changing environment (Handayani et al., 2019).

7.2 Shortages of agricultural resources and rising planting costs

The cultivation of high-yield potato varieties is also hindered by shortages of essential agricultural resources such as water and fertilizers, coupled with rising planting costs. The need for specific amounts and quality of water makes potato cultivation particularly vulnerable to resource shortages (Handayani et al., 2019). The increasing costs of inputs like fertilizers and pesticides add to the financial burden on farmers, making it challenging to sustain high-yield production (Tito et al., 2018). Efficient resource management and the adoption of precision farming techniques can help mitigate these challenges.

7.3 Limitations in policy support and technology dissemination

Policy support and the dissemination of advanced agricultural technologies are critical for enhancing potato yields. However, there are often limitations in the availability and implementation of such support and technologies. The complexity of potato genetics and the narrow genetic base of commercial varieties make it difficult to achieve substantial improvements in stress tolerance through conventional breeding methods. The lack of robust policy frameworks and inadequate extension services hinder the widespread adoption of innovative cultivation techniques and stress-tolerant varieties. Strengthening policy support and improving technology dissemination are essential to overcome these limitations.

7.4 Strategies for sustainable cultivation

To ensure sustainable high-yield potato cultivation, several strategies can be employed. Developing and utilizing stress-tolerant potato cultivars through advanced breeding techniques, including the use of landraces and wild relatives, is crucial (George et al., 2017). Implementing precision farming technologies and optimizing resource use can enhance productivity and reduce costs. Adjusting planting dates and selecting appropriate crop varieties can help mitigate the adverse effects of climate change (Tooley et al., 2021). Emphasizing the importance of genetic diversity and screening for traits in combined stress environments can further support the development of resilient potato cultivars.

8 Conclusion

8.1 Summary of the importance of high-yielding potato cultivars and cultivation techniques

High-yielding potato cultivars and advanced cultivation techniques are crucial for enhancing potato production, which is vital for food security and industrial applications. Research has demonstrated that stable and high-yielding cultivars, such as Pokusa and Kuras, can significantly improve tuber and starch yields even under unpredictable growing conditions. Additionally, the evaluation of various potato cultivars in different environments, such as the eastern sub-Himalayan plains, has shown that cultivars like Kufri Arun and Kufri Pukhraj can achieve high yields and economic returns, making them suitable for specific regions. The quality of seed tubers also plays a pivotal role in achieving high yields, as demonstrated by the differential growth responses of local cultivars. The integration of optimal irrigation and fertilization practices can further enhance yield and quality, as seen in studies conducted in Serbia.

8.2 Practical significance and application prospects of research findings

The findings from these studies have significant practical implications for potato cultivation. The identification of high-yielding and stable cultivars provides farmers with reliable options to maximize their production and profitability. For instance, the cultivar Kufri Arun has shown the highest net return and benefit-cost ratio, making it a highly recommended choice for farmers in the eastern sub-Himalayan plains. The research also highlights the importance of tailored cultivation techniques, such as the optimal sowing time, fertilization formula, and pest control measures, which can significantly improve both yield and quality. The adoption of advanced irrigation methods and appropriate fertilization strategies can enhance tuber quality, which is essential for processing industries. These insights can guide agricultural practices and policies to support sustainable potato production.

8.3 Expectations for the future development of the potato industry

Looking ahead, the potato industry is poised for significant advancements driven by ongoing research and innovation. The development of drought-tolerant cultivars is particularly crucial in the face of climate change, as it can mitigate yield losses and ensure stable production. The exploration of new cultivation techniques, such as ridge cultivation and optimal plant densities, can further enhance yield and nutritional quality, as demonstrated in studies on sweet potatoes. The potential for yield improvements remains substantial, with actual yields still falling short of the theoretical potential in many regions. By bridging this yield gap through improved agronomic practices and cultivar selection, the potato industry can achieve higher productivity and resilience. The continued focus on breeding high-yielding, climate-resilient cultivars and refining cultivation techniques will be essential for meeting the growing global demand for potatoes and ensuring food security.

Acknowledgments

The author sincerely thanks President Cai for his revisions, and also thanks to the two peer reviewers for their suggestions and help from their colleagues.

Conflict of Interest Disclosure

The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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